I'm tempted to think it's an annunciator, a flashing light indicating some kind of cyclic event. Are there any more occurences of Taktmerker in your text to substantiate oder void this assumption?-Note added at 2003-02-26 20:57:17 (GMT)-OK.
[...] strength (V/m) and human body voltage (mV) as well [...] as identification ofdominant frequency(Hz) and prominent [...]maes.de | [...] Feldstärke (V/m) und der Körperspannung (mV) mit [...] Bestimmung der dominierenden Frequenz (Hz) und von auffälligen [...]maes.de |
Important: If the5dominant frequencycomponents indicated [...] in former figure would actually exist in the signal, they would [...]keep on being preserved also after the further decrease of the FFT-resolution in the spectrogram. | Wichtig: Wären im Signal tatsächlich die in voriger [...] Abbildung angezeigten 5 dominanten Frequenzkomponenten [...] [...]Verringerung der FFT-Auflösung im Spektrogramm erhalten. |
Measurement and data logging of low frequency magnetic flux [...] density (nT) from power grid or railway system as well [...] as identification ofdominant frequency(Hz) and prominent harmonics | Messung und Langzeitaufzeichnung der niederfrequenten [...] magnetischen Flussdichte (nT) von Netzund Bahnstrom mit [...] Bestimmung der dominierenden Frequenz (Hz) und von auffälligen [...]maes.de |
After the DFR11EQ stops the feedback at thedominant frequency,the sound system may start feeding back at the nextdominant frequency. | [...] Rückkopplung bei der dominanten Frequenz unterbindet, tritt möglicherweise eine Rückkopplung derBeschallungsanlage bei der nächsten dominanten Frequenz auf. shure.com |
For the air pressure disturbance, the active damper under the cage has excellent [...] [...] guide. Because thedominant frequencyof the airflow disturbance [...]is comparably higher and [...]close to the out-of-phase mode of the cage and frame vibration. lift-report.de | Bei den durch Luftdruck hervorgerufenen Störungen bietet der aktive Dämpfer unter der Kabine im Vergleich zur aktiven Führungsrolle [...] [...] Dämpfungsleistung, weil die dominierende Frequenz der Luftstromstörungen [...]vergleichbar höher ist und [...]nahe an den phasenungleichen Schwingungstyp der Kabinen- und Tragrahmenschwingung herankommt. lift-report.de |
[...] are only a fewdominant frequencyresponse peaks [...] above the response of the entire system (figure 4A). | [...] allgemeinen nur wenige dominante Frequenzgangspitzenüber [...] dem Frequenzgang derGesamtanlagegibt(sieheAbbildung4A). |
[...] also the parameter ofdominant frequencyin range of vasomotoric [...] waves: usually it is within the limits of 10-12 seconds. | [...] der Parameter der dominanten Frequenz im Bereich der vasomotorischen [...] Wellen zu erwähnen: Dieser bewegt [...]sich in der Regel im Bereich von 10 bis 12 Sekunden. |
The only overlap indominant frequencywas documented between [...] the calls of H. uruguaya and a microhylid species. | Die einzige vollständige Frequenzüberlappung wurde zwischen den [...] Rufen von H. uruguaya und einer Microhylidenart dokumentiert. |
Thedominant frequencyof approximately 10 kHz generated by vertical [...] lightning flashes corresponds to a transmitter dipole [...]of cloud-to-earth length, whilst horizontal cloud-to-cloud lighting generates about 20 kHz. | [...] Blitzen ausgehende Vorzugsfrequenz entspricht der Blitzlänge von Wolke [...] zu Erde als Senderdipol mit ca. [...]10 kHz, während horizontale Blitze von Wolke zu Wolke ca. 20 kHz abstrahlen. |
The reason is that thefrequencyof thedominant frequencyis 2.2 Hz whose [...] vibration modal shape is close to the out-of-phase mode of cage and frame. lift-report.de | [...] begründet, dass die dominierende Frequenz die 2,2 Hz Frequenz ist, deren [...] Schwingungsform dem phasenungleichen [...]Schwingungstyp der Kabine und des Tragrahmens sehr nahe kommt. lift-report.de |
This phenomenon occurred because thedominant frequencyof the air pressure oscillation (3.7 Hz) is the [...] [...] gain is larger than that of without-controlled case in Figure 9. lift-report.de | [...] trat auf, weil die dominierende Frequenz der Luftdruckschwingung (3,7 Hz) genau die Frequenz ist, bei [...] der die Verstärkung der [...]Schwingungsdämpfung größer ist als beim ungeregelten Fall aus Abbildung 9. lift-report.de |
[...] species differed in regard to just [...] two parameters,dominant frequencyand call length, [...] [...]acoustic separation was possible. | [...] sich unter Berücksichtigung von nur [...] zwei Parametern, Dominanzfrequenz und Ruflänge, [...] [...]akustische Separierung gegegeben ist. |
The reason that both of the devices have enough suppression [...] performance is that thedominant frequencyof the guide rail deformation [...] [...]the controllers have enough performance of suppression around this frequency as shown in Figure 8. lift-report.de | Beide Vorrichtungen verfügen über eine ausreichende [...] Dämpfungsleistung, weil die dominierende Frequenz der Führungsschienenverformung [...] [...]Hz und die Regler hierfür über eine ausreichende Dämpfungsleistung verfügen (siehe Abb. 8). lift-report.de |
In summary, the principle of Audiovisual Brainwave Entrainment is as follows: By applying a dominant external stimulus to the brain with certain frequencies (within the [...] above mentioned ranges), the human brain has the tendency [...] to change itsdominant frequencytowards the applied [...]imrs.com | Zusammenfassend kann man die audiovisuelle Stimulation des Gehirns wie folgt beschreiben: Wenn man einen externen, dominanten Reiz mit Hilfe einer bestimmten Frequenz oder einem genau definierten Frequenbündel an das Gehirn leitet, hat dies zur Folge, dass [...] das menschliche Gehirn die Tendenz zeigt, diesem externen [...] Reiz zu folgen und die Frequenz(en) dementsprechend [...]imrs.com |
[...] noise reduction in thedominant frequencyrange between 125 and 250 Hz schako.com | gezielte Lärmminderung im dominierenden Frequenzbereich zwischen 125 und 250 Hz |
[...] multiples of thedominantresonantfrequency. steyer-sortiertechnik.de | [...] auf einem Vielfachen der gewollten Frequenz. steyer-sortiertechnik.de |
[...] events, showing date/time,dominantaxis,frequencyand level sinus-messtechnik.de | Tabelle für die Reihenfolge der Erschütterungsereignisse mit [...] Angebe von Datum, Zeit, dominierende Achse, Frequenz und Pegel |
[...] is autosoamal-dominant,and thefrequencyrate is reported [...] as 1 per 42,000. | Der Erbgang ist autosomal-dominant, die Häufigkeitsrate wird [...] qeswhic.eu |
A good approximation of thedominanttorsional resonantfrequencyis given in the [...] magtrol.com | [...] Formel dient der Ermittlung der dominierenden Torsionsresonanzfrequenz magtrol.de |
[...] usually only a fewdominantpeaks in a system'sfrequencyresponse (Figure 4A). shure.com | [...] Frequenzgang des Systems gewöhnlich nur wenige dominante Spitzenwerte aufweist [...] (Abbildung 4A). |
[...] transmission mechanism(dominant,intermediary, recessive) and the initialfrequencyof the resistance allele. oeko-institut.org | [...] Vererbungsmechanismus (dominant, intermediär, rezessiv) und die initiale Frequenz der Resistenzallele. oeko-institut.org |
Measurement of highfrequencyelectromagnetic power density (µW/m²) as well as identification ofdominantRF sources and lowfrequencysignals (pulse, periodicity, [...] maes.de | Messung der hochfrequenten elektromagnetischen Strahlungsdichte (µW/m²) mit Bestimmung der dominierenden Funkdienste und niederfrequenten Signale (Pulsung, [...] maes.de |
Thefrequencywith whichdominantgroupings or [...] ruling cabinets change, as well as developments such as political unrest, [...]civil unrest or even dictatorship have a correlative influence on the stability of a country's legal regime. | Die Häufigkeit der Wechsel von Dominanzgruppen [...] und der Kabinettswechsel oder Entwicklungen wie politische Unruhen, bürgerkriegsähnliche [...]Zustände oder gar Diktaturen beeinflussen korrelierend auch die Stabilität der Rechtsordnung in einem Land. |
[...] pressure in thefrequencyband and thedominantsource for each [...] receptor point. | Die Ergebnistabelle weist für jeden Aufpunkt neben dem [...] Schalldruck im Frequenzband auch die dominante Quelle aus. |
With increasingfrequencythe switching losses becomedominant,since the switching [...] brusa.biz | Mit zunehmender Frequenz werden die Schaltverluste dominierend, da der Schaltvorgang [...] brusa.biz |
In the second example thefrequencyof thedominantvibration of the [...] signal, described as flexibility here, is changeable [...]and the short-term periods duration shall be measured. | [...] ändert sich die Frequenz der dominanten Schwingung, hier [...] als Flexibilität bezeichnet, und es sollen [...]ad-p.net |
With a view to preserving the guidance that may be drawn from past judgments of the European courts and Commission decisions pursuant to Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89, while at the same time maintaining consistency with the standards of competitive harm which have been applied by the Commission and the Community courts regarding the compatibility of a concentration with the common market, this Regulation should accordingly establish the principle that a concentration with a Community dimension which would significantly impede effective competition, in the common market or in a substantial part thereof, in [...] [...] strengthening ofadominantposition, is to be [...]declared incompatible with the common market. | Im Hinblick darauf, dass frühere Urteile der europäischen Gerichte und die Entscheidungen der Kommission gemäß der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 4064/89 weiterhin als Orientierung dienen sollten und gleichzeitig die Übereinstimmung mit den Kriterien für einen Wettbewerbsschaden, die die Kommission und die Gerichte der Gemeinschaft bei der Prüfung der Vereinbarkeit eines Zusammenschlusses mit dem Gemeinsamen Markt angewendet haben, gewahrt werden sollte, sollte diese Verordnung dementsprechend den Grundsatz aufstellen, dass Zusammenschlüsse von gemeinschaftsweiter Bedeutung, die wirksamen Wettbewerb im Gemeinsamen Markt oder in einem wesentlichen Teil desselben erheblich behindern würden, [...] [...] oder Stärkung einer beherrschenden Stellung, für mit [...]dem Gemeinsamen Markt unvereinbar zu erklären sind. |
Despite Tetra's contention in the notification and subsequently that the operation affects solely the PET packaging equipment sector (and, in particular, SBM machines, barrier technologies and aseptic filling machines) it is clear that, in the [...] [...] foregoing, the operation should be seen primarily as the merger between thedominantcompany in carton packaging equipment and the leading company in PET [...]packaging equipment, [...]two closely neighbouring markets, with significant repercussions in the liquid-food packaging sector. | Entgegen Tetras Behauptung in der Anmeldung und auch später, allein der PET-Verpackungssektor sei von der Transaktion betroffen (insbesondere SBM-Maschinen, Barrieretechniken und keimfreie Abfüllmaschinen), ist klar, dass das Vorhaben aus den vorbezeichneten Gründen in erster Linie [...] [...] zwischen der beherrschenden Gesellschaft auf dem Gebiet der Kartonverpackungsausrüstung und der führenden Gesellschaft auf dem Gebiet der PET-Verpackungsausrüstung [...] [...]- zwei unmittelbar benachbarten Märkten - mit erheblichen Auswirkungen auf den Verpackungssektor für Flüssignahrungsmittel zu werten ist. |
The Board of Appeal also held that while the fact that an earlier mark is well-known may strengthen its distinctiveness, that fact does not, in all circumstances, make more distinctive an identical or similar [...] [...] to the extent that that element becomes thedominantcomponent in the overall impression produced [...]by the compound mark, [...]where that element forms with the other components an indivisible logical and conceptual unit which can be entirely distinguished from and cannot be associated with the earlier mark which is well-known (paragraph 30 of the contested decision). | Auch wenn die Bekanntheit einer älteren Marke deren Unterscheidungskraft stärke, werde nicht unbedingt die Unterscheidungskraft des identischen oder ähnlichen Bestandteils einer zusammengesetzten Marke so [...] [...] dem Bestandteil werde, der den von dieser Marke hervorgerufenen Gesamteindruck dominiere, wenn dieser [...]Bestandteil mit den [...]anderen Bestandteilen eine untrennbare logische und begriffliche Einheit bilde, die von der älteren bekannten Marke sehr gut zu unterscheiden und nicht mit ihr assoziierbar sei (Randnr. 30 der angefochtenen Entscheidung). |
(296) For the purposes of this decision, however, a precise definition of the geographic market is not [...] [...] proving that there isadominantposition but of assessing [...]whether the proposed compensatory [...]measures suffice to offset the distortive effects of the aid at issue by reducing market presence. | (296) Für die Zwecke dieser Entscheidung kommt es jedoch nicht auf eine genaue Abgrenzung des [...] [...] den Nachweis einer dominanten Stellung ankommt, [...]sondern darauf, ob die angebotenen Gegenleistungen [...]genügen, um die wettbewerbsverfälschenden Effekte der betreffenden Beihilfen durch Reduzierung der Marktpräsenz ausreichend zu kompensieren. |
Terrestrial Trunked Radio[1] (TETRA; formerly known as Trans-European Trunked Radio), a European standard for a trunked radio system, is a professional mobile radio[2] and two-way transceiver specification. TETRA was specifically designed for use by government agencies, emergency services, (police forces, fire departments, ambulance) for public safety networks, rail transport staff for train radios, transport services and the military.[3] TETRA is European version of trunked radio similar to Project 25.
TETRA is a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard, first version published 1995; it is mentioned by the European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC).[4]
- 5Technical details
- 5.3Air interface encryption
- 5.4Cell selection
- 6Man-machine interface (MMI)
Description[edit]
TETRA uses time-division multiple access (TDMA) with four user channels on one radio carrier and 25 kHz spacing between carriers. Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transfer can be used. Digital data transmission is also included in the standard though at a low data rate.
TETRA Mobile Stations (MS) can communicate direct-mode operation (DMO) or using trunked-mode operation (TMO) using switching and management infrastructure (SwMI) made of TETRA base stations (TBS). As well as allowing direct communications in situations where network coverage is not available, DMO also includes the possibility of using a sequence of one or more TETRA terminals as relays. This functionality is called DMO gateway (from DMO to TMO) or DMO repeater (from DMO to DMO). In emergency situations this feature allows direct communications underground or in areas of bad coverage.
In addition to voice and dispatch services, the TETRA system supports several types of data communication. Status messages and short data services (SDS) are provided over the system's main control channel, while packet-switched data or circuit-switched data communication uses specifically assigned channels.
TETRA provides for authentication of terminals towards infrastructure and vice versa. For protection against eavesdropping, air interface encryption and end-to-end encryption is available.
The common mode of operation is in a group calling mode in which a single button push will connect the user to the users in a selected call group and/or a dispatcher. It is also possible for the terminal to act as a one-to-one walkie talkie but without the normal range limitation since the call still uses the network. TETRA terminals can act as mobile phones (cell phones), with a full-duplex direct connection to other TETRA Users or the PSTN. Emergency buttons, provided on the terminals, enable the users to transmit emergency signals, to the dispatcher, overriding any other activity taking place at the same time.
Advantages[edit]
The main advantages of TETRA over other technologies (such as GSM) are:
- The much lower frequency used gives longer range, which in turn permits very high levels of geographic coverage with a smaller number of transmitters, thus cutting infrastructure costs.
- During a voice call, the communications are not interrupted when moving to another network site. This is a unique feature, which dPMR networks typically provide, that allows a number of fall-back modes such as the ability for a base station to process local calls. So called 'mission critical' networks can be built with TETRA where all aspects are fail-safe/multiple-redundant.
- In the absence of a network, mobiles/portables can use 'direct mode' whereby they share channels directly (walkie-talkie mode).
- Gateway mode - where a single mobile with connection to the network can act as a relay for other nearby mobiles that are out of range of the infrastructure.
- TETRA also provides a point-to-point function that traditional analogue emergency services radio systems did not provide. This enables users to have a one-to-one trunked 'radio' link between sets without the need for the direct involvement of a control room operator/dispatcher.
- Unlike cellular technologies, which connect one subscriber to one other subscriber (one-to-one), TETRA is built to do one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many. These operational modes are directly relevant to the public safety and professional users.
- Security TETRA supports terminal registration, authentication, air-interface encryption and end-to-end encryption.[citation needed]
- Rapid deployment (transportable) network solutions are available for disaster relief and temporary capacity provision.
- Network solutions are available in both reliable circuit-switched (telephone like) architectures and flat, IP architectures with soft (software) switches.
Further information is available from the TETRA Association (formerly TETRA MoU) and the standards can be downloaded for free from ETSI.
Disadvantages[edit]
Its main disadvantages are:
- Requires a linear amplifier to meet the stringent RF specifications that allow it to exist alongside other radio services.
- Data transfer is slow by modern standards.
Up to 7.2 kbit/s per timeslot, in the case of point-to-point connections, and 3.5 kbit/s per timeslot in case of IP encapsulation.Both options permit the use of between one and four timeslots.Different implementations include one of the previous connectivity capabilities, both, or none, and one timeslot or more.These rates are ostensibly faster than the competing technologies DMR, dPMR, and P25 are capable of). Latest version of standard supports 115.2 kbit/s in 25 kHz or up to 691.2 kbit/s in an expanded 150 kHz channel. To overcome the limitations many software vendors have begun to consider hybrid solutions where TETRA is used for critical signalling while large data synchronization and transfer of images and video is done over 3G / LTE.[5]
TETRA usage[edit]
At the end of 2009 there were 114 countries using TETRA systems in Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific, Caribbean and Latin America.[6]
The TETRA-system is in use by the public sector in the following countries. Only TETRA network infrastructure installations are listed. TETRA being an open standard, each of these networks can use any mix of TETRA mobile terminals from a wide range of suppliers.
Continent | Country | Supplier | Name | Agency | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | China mainland | EADS / Cassidian | Shenyang Metro | Transport | In use: Line 1 Rolling out: Line 2[7] |
DAMM TetraFlex | Guangzhou Electric Power | Utility - GuangZhou Electric Power Emergency Communication | In Use 2010 | ||
EADS / Cassidian | Shenzhen Metro | Transport | Ordered 5/2010[8] | ||
EADS / Cassidian | Guangzhou | 16th Asian Games in 2010 | Ordered 2010[8] | ||
Hong Kong | EADS / Cassidian[9] | Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) | 2008 Beijing Olympics and Paralympic Games (Hong Kong Equestrian Event) | Used from July 2008 to October 2008 | |
EADS / Cassidian | Hong Kong Fire Services Department | Fire service and ambulance | In use | ||
Motorola / Dimetra | Hong Kong Police Force | Police | In use | ||
Motorola | Mass Transit Railway (MTR)[10] | Transport | In use | ||
Motorola / Dimetra | Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) | Transport | In use since Feb 2009[11] | ||
India | Artevea | Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE) | Indian Army | In use since 2004 at Mhow, Indore, Madhya Pradesh | |
Motorola / Dimetra | Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. | Transport | The First TETRA in India, in use since 2002 | ||
DAMM TetraFlex / Consort Digital Pvt Ltd | Mumbai Mono Rail, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) | Mass transport - India's first monorail project - Mumbai | Awarded 2010[12] | ||
C-DAC | TETRA with Automatic Dial 100 (AD100) | Kerala police | In use by police, Trivandrum city, since 2008 | ||
DAMM TetraFlex / Consort Digital Pvt Ltd | Tamil Nadu police | Police and internal security and safety | Awarded 2011[13] | ||
HCL & Motorola | Secure Communication Network | Delhi government | Integrated Communication System used by various departments under government of Delhi and Delhi police since 2010. | ||
DAMM TetraFlex / Consort Digital Pvt Ltd | Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) | Gas pipeline - safety, telemetry and security | Awarded 2011[14] | ||
THALES Portugal S A & Motorola | With PSTN call integration designed by Thales Group for BMRCL | BMRCL Bangalore Metro Corporation Limited | Transport, in use since March 2011 | ||
Sepura & Rohde and Schwarz | TETRA with Automatic Dial 100 (AD100) | Gurgaon police | In use by police, Gurgaon city[15] Since 2009. In Salem from August 2011. | ||
Sepura & Rohde and Schwarz | TETRA with Automatic Dial 100 (AD100) | Faridabad police | In use by police, Faridabad city, since 2012 | ||
Indonesia | Motorola / Dimetra, installed & maintained by PT. Mobilkom Telekomindo | SCADA PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia | HOOU | In use since 2009 at Duri, Riau, Indonesia. | |
Rohde & Schwarz / Accessnet - T | Anti Corruption Agency | Anti Corruption Agency | Operational | ||
Rohde & Schwarz / Accessnet-T | Jakarta State Government Network | Jakarta Capital City Jakarta | Operational, Installed since 2007 | ||
Macao | Artevea | Melco-Crown Entertainment | Casino-Hotels: Altira (formerly Crown Macau),[16] and City of Dreams | In use since 2007 | |
Forças de Segurança de Macau | All emergency services | In use | |||
Malaysia | EADS | Segi Maju (SEGI) | Public operator | In use[17] | |
Maldives | Motorola / Dimetra | Maldives Police Service (MPS) | Police | In use | |
Pakistan | Motorola / Dimetra | NITRS Nationwide Integrated Trunk Radio System Project for Police under Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan | Police | In use Since 2009 | |
Philippines | Motorola Dimetra/GA Technology and Systems Inc. | Shell Exploration | Oil and gas | In use October 2013, Phase 2 On Shore Gas Plant for Implementation | |
Motorola Dimetra/GA Technology and Systems Inc. | Globe Telecom | Telecommunications carrier | Implementation on Going Project Finish Dec 2013 | ||
Rohill (TetraNode) SynTech Systems Inc. | Meralco | Electric company | Implemented Nov 2014 | ||
Rohill (TetraNode) SynTech Systems Inc. | Manila Line 2 | Transport (Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2) | Implemented Oct 2015 | ||
South Korea | EADS | Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) | Electricity | In use[18] | |
Taiwan | Taiwan Railways Administration | Transport | In use | ||
Taiwan High Speed Rail | Transport | In use | |||
Taipei Metro | Transport | In use | |||
Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit | Transport | In use | |||
Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan) | Republic of China Armed Forces | In use | |||
Africa | Algeria | Rohde & Schwarz | Sonatrach | Oil & gas company | In use since 2003. |
Sepura | Sonelgaz | Power utility | In use. | ||
Morocco | Rohill | ADM | Highway authority | Rolling out / Almost completed. | |
Nigeria | Dizengoff/Motorola IL (Dimetra IP) | Nigeria LNG | Oil & gas | Since 2006 | |
Cisan International Limited/Rohill (TetraNode) | Mobil Ng | Oil | Since 2014 | ||
Dizengoff/Motorola IL (Compact-Tetra IP) | Shell Ng | Oil | Since 2010 | ||
Satcomm Integrated Resources LLC SatCom IRL/EADS | [19] | Nigerian Ports Authority, Nigeria (rolling out) | Rolling out | ||
Rohill (TetraNode) | Bayelsa State | Government | Since June 2012 | ||
Briscoe Technologies[20] / Artevea | Lagos / Abuja / Port Harcourt | Oil industry / airports / security companies | In use Since 2006 | ||
Namibia | Artevea | Namibian Police Force[21] | Police | In use, nationwide | |
South Africa | Motorola Solutions DIMETRA | Police, traffic police | SAPS Gauteng | Gauteng province | |
Motorola Solutions DIMETRA | Municipality, fire, and ambulance. | City of Cape Town | Cape Peninsula | ||
Rohill (TetraNode) | Mbombela Local Municipality | Nelspruit, Mpumalanga | Complete | ||
Rohill (TetraNode) | City Power | Johannesburg, Gauteng | Complete | ||
Rohill (TetraNode) | City of Tshwane Municipality | Pretoria, Gauteng | Complete | ||
Rohill (TetraNode) | Rustenburg Platinum Mine | Potgietersrus, Limpopo | Complete | ||
Sudan | Artevea | Ministry of Interior | Police | In use, nationwide | |
Egypt | Motorolasolutions Dimetra IP | MERC | Ministry of Interior, Suez Canal Authority, Oil& GAS and commercial users | In use, Nationwide | |
Europe | Austria | Motorola / Dimetra | TETRON | Police, fire, ambulance, and local train company. | In use, in all states except Tyrol and Vorarlberg (still rolling out). |
Belgium | EADS/Since 1998 | A.S.T.R.I.D. | Police, fire, ambulance, customs, coast guard, hospitals, Red Cross, department of Justice, utility companies, airports, ports, lifeguard service, military. | Nationwide network | |
Rohde & Schwarz since 2011/ ACCESSNET-T | ENTROPIA DIGITAL | Commercial & private security users.[22] | Flanders & Brussels | ||
Croatia | Motorola / Dimetra | MUPNet | Police, fire brigades, ambulance service | Nationwide coverage (99,5%) in use | |
Denmark | DAMM TetraFlex | DONG Energy Power Plants - 11 Power Plants across Denmark | Utilities - safety, security, telemetry | Awarded 2009[23] | |
Motorola / Dimetra | SINE[24] | All emergency authorities, incl. police, fire, and ambulance. | Nationwide coverage (99,5%) in use | ||
Estonia | EADS/Cassidian/Airbus | ESTER | Police and border quard, fire, ambulance, and customs | Nationwide network | |
Finland | Nokia; now EADS | VIRVE | Police, fire, ambulance, customs, defence forces, and border guard | Nationwide network | |
HelenNet | Energy company Helsingin Energia, tram operator HKL-Raitioliikenne, and several bus operators on HRTA's lines. Also used by some security guard companies, mostly securing HRTA's transport. Available for lease for various short-term uses. | In use, covers greater Helsinki region | |||
Germany | EADS | BOSNET | Police, fire, ambulance, customs, and coast guard. | Nationwide | |
DAMM TetraFlex | Global Tech 1 Offshore Wind GmbH. | Utility Windfarm - Telemetry, Security and Safety Critical communications | Awarded 2012[25] | ||
Greece | Motorola / Dimetra | COSMOTE TETRA Services Formerly branded OTElink (2009). | Business critical, public protection & disaster relief (PPDR) communications, public utility and oil-gas companies, seaports, airports, public and private transportation companies, public and private sector security personnel, other. Data applications nationwide including SCADA, AVL, M2M. | Extensive nationwide footprint, 70% population coverage in 2014, in use since 2002 | |
Hungary | Pro-M Ltd. | EDR (acronym for Unified Digital Radiosystem) | Ambulance, army, Central Office for Administrative and Electronic Public Services, Civil Defence, Hungarian Prison Service, Hungarian Customs and Finance Guard, disaster management, fire, Hungarian Secret Services, Ministry of Environment and Water, and police | In-use | |
Iceland | TETRA Iceland | Police, fire services, ambulances, Search and Rescue units, Red Cross, bus service (Strætó Bs.), The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service, most utility companies, municipalities and private users such as excursion companies. | In-use | ||
Ireland | Motorola / Dimetra | TETRA Ireland | An Garda Siochana, HSE National Ambulance Service, Irish Prison Service, Irish Naval Service, Customs & Excise, civil defense (only a few units), Irish Coast Guard, mountain rescue (only a few units), Order of Malta Ambulance Corps, Irish Red Cross, St John Ambulance, National Emergency Office, Port of Cork, Revenue Commissioners and Office of Public Works. | Nationwide roll-out network complete. The fire services are planning to implement in the coming years. As of July 2011, TETRA Ireland now operates the national Paging System. | |
Italy | DAMM TetraFlex | Lombardi Ambulance Emergency Services | Ambulance - security, safety, communication | Awarded 2010[26] | |
SELEX ELSAG | Rete Interpolizie | Polizia di Stato (Italian state police), Carabinieri (military police), Guardia di Finanza (financial police), Polizia Penitenziaria (prison police), and Corpo Forestale Italiano (Italian forest brigades) | Rolling out | ||
DAMM TetraFlex | Rome International Airport | Airport - security, safety, commercial, fire, customs, police | Awarded 2009[27] | ||
Latvia | Artevea | Ventamonjaks Serviss Ltd, Ventspils[28] | Oil and gas | In use since 2007 | |
Luxembourg | Motorola / Dimetra | Renita[29] | Government; police, fire brigade, ambulance services and others | Start building 2014, Operational since 2015 | |
Motorola / Dimetra | ConnectCom[30] | Commercial network | Operational | ||
Motorola / Dimetra | ConnectCom[30] | Public Transport, city of Luxembourg | Operational | ||
Motorola / Dimetra | ConnectCom[30] | European Union | Operational | ||
Macedonia | Hytera | Fire brigade of city Skopje | Fire department | In use | |
Malta | Marconi | Civil Protection Force[31] | July 2001 | ||
Montenegro | Motorola / Dimetra | Wireless Montenegro d.o.o. | Police, military, fire brigades, ambulance | In use since November 2012 Podgorica area only. Rolling out elsewhere. | |
Netherlands | Motorola / Dimetra | C2000[32] | Police, fire, and ambulance | Nationwide network | |
Motorola / Dimetra | ENTROPIA DIGITAL | Commercial users.[22] | National license | ||
Motorola / Dimetra | HTM | Public transport The Hague | Regional network | ||
Motorola / Dimetra | CCTN / GVB | Public transport Amsterdam | Regional network | ||
Rohill | RET | Public transport Rotterdam | Regional network | ||
Sepura | TATA steel Europe | Hoogovens | Local network | ||
Norway | Motorola / Dimetra | Norwegian Public Safety Radio | Police, fire, ambulance, civil defense and search and rescue | Nationwide rollout completed September 2015 | |
Portugal | Motorola | SIRESP | Police, fire, and ambulance | Nationwide roll-out, in use since 2007 | |
Poland | Motorola | Ministry of Interior, Polish army, and Warsaw police | Police, fire, public transport, airports, and army.[33] | Local TETRA Networks in use since 2000; national roll-out expected to start in 2011. | |
Rohill (TetraNode) | Szczecin, Warsaw and Kraków police | Roll-out ongoing. | Modern IP based TETRA solution for 3 cities | ||
Romania | Motorola / Dimetra | Special Telecommunications Service (STS) | Police, fire, and search and rescue | Nationwide | |
Motorola | Dimetra | Ministry of Administration and Interior (MAI) / Romanian Border Police (RBP) | In use since 2008 for police, emergency and search and rescue agencies from Romanian border counties-wide | ||
Cassidian | TETRA EADS | Ministry of Administration and Interior (MAI) / Romanian Border Police (RBP) | In use since 2010 for police, emergency and search and rescue agencies from Romanian border counties-wide | ||
Russia | DAMM TetraFlex | Moscow Metro (second most heavily used rapid transport system in the world) | Transport - rail - telemetry, safety, security, police, ambulance, fire | Awarded 2011[34] | |
Sepura | Unified system of operational trunking radio (Единая Система Оперативной Транкинговой Радиосвязи) | Fire, ambulance and partially, police | Launched in 2008 | ||
DAMM TetraFlex | Russias Kaliningrad Power Plant. | Utility power plant - safety and security - telemetry and commercial agents | Awarded 2009[35] | ||
DAMM TetraFlex | St Petersburg and North West Russia. | Government - ambulance and emergency services, police, healthcare facilities, utility services, St. Petersburg Authorities and the regional civil defense | Awarded 2011[36] | ||
Serbia | Motorola / Dimetra | Ministry of Interior | Police, fire brigades, ambulance | Fully rolled out as of 2009 | |
Slovenia | Selex/OTE/Marconi | Ministry of Interior | Police | In central Slovenia | |
Spain | Motorola | Basque Country | Mainly police | In use since 2006 | |
Teltronic | Basque Country | Mainly municipalities and public services | In use since 2009 | ||
EADS | Catalonia | Mainly police | In use since 2006 | ||
Sweden | SAAB, Cassidian, Eltel Networks | RAKEL | Managed by the Civil Contingencies Agency - MSB. For use by the emergency services and others in the fields of civil protection, public safety and security, emergency medical services and healthcare, road services, nuclear facilities. | In operation, covering 99.8% of Sweden's population and 95% of its territory | |
Motorola | Tetra | Stockholm public transport: used by transport security officers for dispatch internal communications, Transport Police ('Tunnelbanepolisen') and other police forces for liaison with transport officials. Roll-out stage for train operations on underground. | In operation / roll-out | ||
Rohde & Schwarz | Got1 | Got1 is a modern IP based Tetra network used in the west parts of Sweden. Mainly in the Gothenburg region. With customers like SKF and Volvo Trucks. | In operation | ||
United Kingdom | Motorola / Dimetra / Sepura | Airwave | Police, fire, NHS ambulance services, Border Force, Immigration Enforcement, some armed forces, Highways England Traffic Officers, Civil Contingency Services, HM Coastguard, St John Ambulance, St John CymruBritish Red Cross, Highland Council, and misc. emergency services. | Full emergency service roll out complete | |
Motorola / Dimetra | Connect | Transport for London (London Underground) | Used by all Tube staff and relaying Airwave for BTP when underground | ||
AirRadio AR-en | Use by some services at some major airports | (Heathrow, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Aberdeen) | |||
Middle East | Israel | Motorola[37] | Mountain Rose | Israel Defense Forces (IDF) | In use by IDF, country-wide |
Turkey | DAMM TetraFlex | Alacer Gold Mine | Mining - safety and security critical communications | Awarded 2012[38] | |
United Arab Emirates | EADS/Cassidian | Nedaa | Police, emergency services, and professional communications | Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Qaiwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah operational | |
EADS/Cassidian | Polikom | Police, emergency services, and professional communications | Abu Dhabi | ||
Qatar | EADS/Cassidian | Ministry of Interior, army, police, air force search and rescue, EMS (medical). | Initial use for the 15th Asian Games all games venues inclusive of transportation routes for 'blue light' services, later extended to cover the State of Qatar, in use since 2006, national roll out complete by 2008. Known as Qatar Secure TETRA Radio System (QSTRS). | ||
Latin America | Mexico | Rohde & Schwarz / Sepura | Mazatlán, Sinaloa Police & Emergency Services | Police, emergency services operational | Operational |
South America | Brazil | Motorola | América Latina Logística | Railroad, communication and licensing. | Operational |
Teltronic / Motorola | Polícia Rodoviária Federal | Road patrol, country-wide | In operation / national roll-out in progress | ||
Caribbean | Windward Islands and Leeward Islands | Rohill | Zenitel | Police, emergency services, oil and professional communications | Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Saint Martin, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Anguilla operational |
Dominican Republic | Hytera | Metro of Santo Domingo, and National Emergency and Safety System 9-1-1 | Metro: railroad communication, telemetry and PLC. 911: technical and power systems support communication, operations and dispatching, service agencies communication systems (police, Public health, firefighters, traffic control authority, road support). | Metro: First line operation started in 2008. 2nd line operation started 2013. 2nd line expansion (L2B) started in 2014 and started operation on August 8th,2018. 911: Operation started in 2014 in Santo Domingo, with expansions in 2015. In 2016, TETRA trunking radio expanded to Haina and San Cristobal, cities in the southwest of Santo Domingo. In 2017, the service expansion of 911 services using TETRA expanded to the north of the country, to cover large cities as Santiago, Puerto Plata and small villages. In August 3rd. 2018 service expanded to the province Peravia (West to the Capital) and on August 28th. 2018 it started in the province of San Pedro de Macoris ( East to the capital). | |
Oceania | Australia | DAMM TetraFlex | BHP Billiton | Temco Smeltering Tasmania - mining, commercial, safety, security | Awarded 2011 |
DAMM TetraFlex | Rio Tinting Mining group | Western Australia Mining | Awarded 2009[39] | ||
Damm TetraFlex | Origin Energy (APLNG)[40] | Kordia Solutions | Australian Pacific Project | ||
DAMM TetraFlex | Fortescue Metals group | Open cut mining | Awarded 2011[41] | ||
DAMM TetraFlex | Gorgon LNG Project, Chevron, Australia | Gas and pipelines | Awarded 2011[42] | ||
Motorola | Zeon | Local government | Operational across Brisbane City Council, including the Brisbane State Emergency Service Unit | ||
DAMM TetraFlex | Australian Submarine Co | Military, defence, comms, safety, security | Awarded 2012 | ||
Motorola | Zeon | Tertiary education | Used by Queensland University of Technology security staff. | ||
Sepura | Being used by several Mining Operations throughout Western Australia and Queensland - Terminals only - No Infrastructure. | ||||
New Zealand | DAMM TetraFlex | BHP One Steel | Aluminium Smelter - ore production - safety, security, operations | Awarded 2012 | |
Kordia | KorKor | Airports | Used by Wellington International Airport, Air New Zealand | ||
Kordia | KorKor | Councils | Used by Hutt City, Auckland Transport | ||
Teltronic | Widarcom | Commercial network launched 2008 | Used by University of Auckland, Westpac |
Technical details[edit]
Radio aspects[edit]
For its modulation TETRA, uses π⁄4 differential quadrature phase-shift keying. The symbol (baud) rate is 18,000 symbols per second, and each symbol maps to 2 bits, thus resulting in 36,000 bit/s gross.
As a form of phase shift keying is used to transmit data during each burst, it would seem reasonable to expect the transmit power to be constant. However it is not. This is because the sidebands, which are essentially a repetition of the data in the main carrier's modulation, are filtered off with a sharp filter so that unnecessary spectrum is not used up. This results in an amplitude modulation and is why TETRA requires linear amplifiers. The resulting ratio of peak to mean (RMS) power is 3.65 dB. If non-linear (or not-linear enough) amplifiers are used, the sidebands re-appear and cause interference on adjacent channels. Commonly used techniques for achieving the necessary linearity include Cartesian loops, and adaptive predistortion.
The base stations normally transmit continuously and (simultaneously) receive continuously from various mobiles on different carrier frequencies; hence the TETRA system is a frequency-division duplex (FDD) system. TETRA also uses FDMA/TDMA (see above) like GSM. The mobiles normally only transmit on 1 slot/4 and receive on 1 slot/4 (instead of 1 slot/8 for GSM).
Speech signals in TETRA are sampled at 8 kHz and then compressed with a vocoder using algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP). This creates a data stream of 4.567 kbit/s. This data stream is error-protection encoded before transmission to allow correct decoding even in noisy (erroneous) channels. The data rate after coding is 7.2 kbit/s. The capacity of a single traffic slot when used 17/18 frames.
A single slot consists of 255 usable symbols, the remaining time is used up with synchronisation sequences and turning on/off, etc. A single frame consists of 4 slots, and a multiframe (whose duration is 1.02 seconds) consists of 18 frames. Hyperframes also exist, but are mostly used for providing synchronisation to encryption algorithms.
The downlink (i.e., the output of the base station) is normally a continuous transmission consisting of either specific communications with mobile(s), synchronisation or other general broadcasts. All slots are usually filled with a burst even if idle (continuous mode). Although the system uses 18 frames per second only 17 of these are used for traffic channels, with the 18th frame reserved for signalling, Short Data Service messages (like SMS in GSM) or synchronisation. The frame structure in TETRA (17.65 frames per second), consists of 18,000 symbols/s; 255 symbols/slot; 4 slots/frame, and is the cause of the perceived 'amplitude modulation' at 17 Hz and is especially apparent in mobiles/portables which only transmit on one slot/4. They use the remaining three slots to switch frequency to receive a burst from the base station two slots later and then return to their transmit frequency (TDMA).
Radio frequencies[edit]
Number | Frequency pair (MHz) | |
---|---|---|
Band 1 | Band 2 | |
Emergency systems | ||
1 | 380–383 | 390–393 |
2 | 383–385 | 393–395 |
Civil systems | ||
1 | 410–420 | 420–430 |
2 | 870–876 | 915–921 |
3 | 450–460 | 460–470 |
4 | 385–390 | 395–399.9 |
Country | Allocation | Frequency pairs (MHz) |
---|---|---|
France | Civilian/private | 410–430 |
Emergency services | 380–400 | |
Belgium | Emergency services/civilian | 380–385, 390-395 |
the Netherlands | Emergency services | 380-386.5, 390-396.5 |
Civil/Commercial | 410-430 | |
Germany | Emergency services | 380–385, 390–395, 406 - 410 for DMO |
Ireland[43] | Civilian/private | 385–389.9, 395–399.9 |
Emergency services | 380–385, 390–395 | |
Italy | Emergency services / armed forces | 380–390 |
Civilian/private | 462 | |
Norway[44] | Emergency services | 380–385, 390–395, 406.1–426, 870–876 |
South Africa | Emergency services, Public works | 420-423 |
UK | Airwave | 390.0125–394.9875, 380.0125–384.9875 |
AirRadio | 454, 464 or 460 | |
Saudi Arabia | 350–370, 380–395, 385–399.99, 410–430, 450–470, 870–921 |
Air interface encryption[edit]
To provide confidentiality the TETRA air interface is encrypted using one of the TETRA Encryption Algorithm (TEA) ciphers. The encryption provides confidentiality (protect against eavesdropping) as well as protection of signalling.
Currently 4 different ciphers are defined. These TEA ciphers should not be confused with the block cipher Tiny Encryption Algorithm. The TEA ciphers have different availability due to export and use restrictions. Few details are published concerning these proprietary ciphers. Riess[45] mentions in early TETRA design documents that encryption should be done with a stream cipher, due to the property of not propagating transmission errors. Parkinson[46] later confirms this and explains that TEA is a stream cipher with 80-bit keys. TEA1 and TEA4 provide basic level security, and are meant for commercial use.[47] The TEA2 cipher is restricted to European public safety organisations. The TEA3 cipher is for situations where TEA2 is suitable but not available.[48]
Additional information[edit]
- Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 7: Security[49]
Cell selection[edit]
Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images[edit]
This first representation demonstrates where the slow reselect threshold (SRT), the fast reselect threshold (FRT), and propagation delay exceed parameters are most likely to be. These are represented in association with the decaying radio carrier as the distance increases from the TETRA base station.
From this illustration, these SRT and FRT triggering points are associated to the decaying radio signal strength of the respective cell carriers. The thresholds are situated so that the cell reselection procedures occur on time and assure communication continuity for on-going communication calls.
Initial cell selection[edit]
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell initial selection. The initial cell selection is performed by procedures located in the MLE and in the MAC. When the cell selection is made, and possible registration is performed, the mobile station (MS) is said to be attached to the cell. The mobile is allowed to initially select any suitable cell that has a positive C1 value; i.e., the received signal level is greater than the minimum receive level for access parameter.
The initial cell selection procedure shall ensure that the MS selects a cell in which it can reliably decode downlink data (i.e., on a main control channel/MCCH), and which has a high probability of uplink communication. The minimum conditions that shall have to be met are that C1 > 0. Access to the network shall be conditional on the successful selection of a cell.
At mobile switch on, the mobile makes its initial cell selection of one of the base stations, which indicates the initial exchanges at activation.
- Refer to EN 300 392 2 16.3.1 Activation and control of underlying MLE service
- Note 18.5.12 Minimum RX access level
The minimum receive access level information element shall indicate the minimum received signal level required at the SwMI in a cell, either the serving cell or a neighbour cell as defined in table 18.24.
Cell improvable[edit]
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes improvable. The serving cell becomes improvable when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is below the value defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, slow reselect threshold for a period of 5 seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of the serving cell by the value defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, slow reselect hysteresis for a period of 5 seconds.
Cell usable[edit]
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes usable. A neighbour cell becomes radio usable when the cell has a downlink radio connection of sufficient quality.
The following conditions must be met in order to declare a neighbour cell radio usable: The neighbour cell has a path loss parameter C1 or C2 that is, for a period of 5 seconds, greater than the fast reselect threshold plus the fast reselect threshold, and the service level provided by the neighbour cell is higher than that of the serving cell. No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the previous 15 seconds unless MM requests a cell reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion for serving cell relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or monitored.
The following conditions will cause the MS to rate the neighbour cell to have higher service level than the current serving cell:
- The MS subscriber class is supported on the neighbour cell but not on the serving cell.
- The neighbour cell is a priority cell and the serving cell is not.
- The neighbour cell supports a service (that is, TETRA standard speech, packet data, or encryption) that is not supported by the serving cell and the MS requires that service to be available.
- The cell service level indicates that the neighbour cell is less loaded than the serving cell.
Cell relinquishable (abandonable)[edit]
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes relinquishable (abandonable). The serving cell becomes relinquishable when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is below the value defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, fast reselect threshold, for a period of 5 seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of the serving cell by the value defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, fast reselect hysteresis, for a period of 5 seconds.
No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the previous 15 seconds unless Mobility Management (MM) requests a cell reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion for serving cell relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or monitored.
Radio down-link failure[edit]
When the FRT threshold is breached, the MS is in a situation where it is essential to relinquish (or abandon) the serving cell and obtain another of at least usable quality. That is to say, the mobile station is aware that the radio signal is decaying rapidly, and must cell reselect rapidly, before communications are terminated because of radio link failure. When the mobile station radio-signal breaches the minimum receive level, the radio is no longer in a position to maintain acceptable communications for the user, and the radio link is broken.
Radio link failure: (C1 < 0). Using the suggested values, this would be satisfied with the serving cell level below −105 dBm. Cell reselection procedures are then activated in order to find a suitable radio base station.
Coverage | Parameter | Distance (km) | Type of communication |
---|---|---|---|
City | < 4 | < 8 | Pedestrian/metro |
Sub-urban | 10–18 | 20–36 | Bus/train |
Countryside | 18–31 | 36–62 | Inter-regional train |
In Air | > 32 | > 64 | In flight |
Man-machine interface (MMI)[edit]
Virtual MMI for TETRA radio terminals[edit]
Any given TETRA radio terminal using Java (Java ME/CLDC) based technology, provides the end user with the communication rights necessary to fulfil his or her work role on any short duration assignment.
For dexterity, flexibility, and evolution ability, the public transportation radio engineering department, have chosen to use the open sources, Java language specification administered by Sun and the associated work groups in order to produce a transport application tool kit.
TETRA MMI[edit]
Service acquisition admits different authorised agents to establish communication channels between different services by calling the service identity, and without possessing the complete knowledge of the ISSI, GSSI, or any other TETRA related communication establishment numbering plan. Service acquisition is administered through a communication rights centralised service or roll allocation server, interfaced into the TETRA core network.
In summary, the TETRA MMI aims are to:
- Allow any given agent while in exercise, to exploit any given radio terminal without materiel constraint.
- Provide specific transportation application software to the end-user agents (service acquisition, fraud, and aggression control).
This transport application tool-kit has been produced successfully and with TETRA communication technology and assures for the public transport application requirements for the future mentioned hereafter.
The home (main) menu presents the end user with three possibilities:
- Service acquisition,
- Status SDS,
- End-user parameters.
Service acquisition provides a means of virtually personalising the end user to any given radio terminal and onto TETRA network for the duration the end user conserves the terminal under his possession.
Status SDS provides the end user with a mechanism for generating a 440 Hz repeating tone that signals a fraud occurrence to members within the same (dynamic or static) Group Short Subscriber Identity (GSSI) or to a specific Individual Short Subscriber Identity (ISSI) for the duration of the assignment (an hour, a morning patrol or a given short period allocated to the assignment). The advantage being that each of the end users may attach themselves to any given terminal, and group for short durations without requiring any major reconfiguration by means of radio software programming tools. Similarly, the aggression feature functions, but with a higher tone frequency (880 Hz), and with a quicker repetitious nature, so to highlight the urgency of the alert.
The parameters tab provides an essential means to the terminal end-user allowing them to pre-configure the target (preprogrammed ISSI or GSSI ) destination communication number. With this pre-programmed destination number, the end-user shall liaise with the destination radio terminal or roll allocation server, and may communicate, in the group, or into a dedicated server to which the service acquisition requests are received, preprocessed, and ultimately dispatched though the TETRA core network. This simplifies the reconfiguration or recycling configuration process allowing flexibility on short assignments.
The parameters tab also provides a means of choosing between preselected tones to match the work group requirements for the purposes of fraud and aggression alerts. A possibility of selecting any given key available from the keypad to serve as an aggression or fraud quick key is also made possible though the transport application software tool kit. It is recommend to use the asterisk and the hash keys for the fraud and aggression quick keys respectively. For the fraud and aggression tones, it is also recommend to use 440 Hz slow repeating tone (blank space 500 milli-seconds) and 880 Hz fast repeating tone (blank space 250 milliseconds) respectively. The tone options are as follows: 440 Hz, 620 Hz, 880 Hz, and 1060 Hz.
The parameters page provides an aid or help menu and the last tab within parameters describes briefly the tool kit the version and the history of the transport application tool kit to date.
TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)[edit]
The TETRA Association, working with ETSI, developed the TEDS standard, a wideband data solution, which enhances TETRA with a much higher capacity and throughput for data. In addition to those provided by TETRA, TEDS uses a range of adaptive modulation schemes and a number of different carrier sizes from 25 kHz to 150 kHz. Initial implementations of TEDS will be in the existing TETRA radio spectrum, and will likely employ 50 kHz channel bandwidths as this enables an equivalent coverage footprint for voice and TEDS services. TEDS performance is optimised for wideband data rates, wide area coverage and spectrum efficiency.[50]
Advances in DSP technology have led to the introduction of multi-carrier transmission standards employing QAM modulation. WiMAX, Wi-Fi and TEDS standards are part of this family.
Refer also to:
- JSR-118;
- Mobile Information Device Profile, JSR-37;
- Wireless Messaging API, JSR120;
- Connected Limited Device Configuration, JSR-139; and
- Technology for the Wireless Industry, JTWI-185.
Comparison between TETRA and Project 25[edit]
Project 25 and TETRA are utilised for the public safety Radio network and Private Sector Radio network worldwide however, it has some differences in technical features and capacities. [51][52][53]
- TETRA: It is optimized for high population density areas, with spectral efficiency (4 time slots in 25 kHz: four communications channels per 25 kHz channel, an efficient use of spectrum). It is suitable for high population density areas and Supports full duplex voice and data and messaging. but, it is unavailable for simulcast, VHS band.
- P25: it as optimized for wider area coverage with low population density, and support for simulcast. however, it is limited to data support. (Phase 1 P25 radio systems operate in a 12.5 kHz analogue, digital or mixed mode, and P25 Phase II will use a 2-timeslot TDMA structure in 12.5 kHz channels.
Currently, P25 and TETRA deployed to more than 53 countries.
See also[edit]
- Digital mobile radio, a TDMA digital radio standard from ETSI
- Digital private mobile radio, an FDMA digital radio standard from ETSI
- NXDN, a two-way FDMA digital radio protocol from Icom and JVC Kenwood
- P25, (project 25) a TIA APCO standard (USA)
- TETRAPOL (previously MATRA)
- *dPMR
References[edit]
- ^ETSI EN 300 392-2 v3.2.1
- ^'TETRA Association'. TETRA Association. 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^'TETRA - PST'. PST. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
- ^'Guide to the R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC (April 20, 2009)'. pp. 9–10.
- ^Smartphone app/apps over TETRA - Crystal Code AB. Crystalcode.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^'TETRA Industry Group - TETRA around the world - Countries'. Tetrahealth.info. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^'Shenyang Metro'. Railway Technology. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ ab'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2016-02-08.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^'HOME'. Cassidian.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^'TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication'. Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^'Motorola Media Center - Press Releases - Motorola Completes Upgrade to TETRA Digital Radio System for Hong Kong International Airport'. Mediacenter.motorola.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^1st Monorail Project in India awarded to DAMM. Damm.dk (2010-08-11). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^Tamil Nadu Police. Damm.dk (2011-01-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^DAMM chosen to provide communication for GAIL pipeline in India. Damm.dk (2011-07-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^'Gurgaon Police goes Hi-Tech'. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
- ^'TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication'. Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^'Launch of digital trunked radio service in Malaysia'. mis-asia.com.
- ^TETRA AssociationArchived November 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^http://www.satcomng.com/index.php#.UYo6j8omzdI
- ^'Hyperlinks'. www.briscoetechnologies.com.
- ^'TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication'. Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ ab'Entropia – Critical concepts'. www.entropia.eu.
- ^DAMM supplies safe TETRA communication for DONG Energy Power Plants. Damm.dk (2009-09-02). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^http://www.sikkerhedsnet.dk/about+sine
- ^Global Tech 1 Offshore Wind farm relies on DAMM Infrastructure. Damm.dk (2012-08-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^TetraFlex for Public Safety in Lodi, Italy. Damm.dk (2010-02-02). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^Rome International Airport chooses DAMM as supplier for Mission Critical Communication. Damm.dk (2009-09-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^{{cite web|url=http://www.artevea.com/casestudies-detail.php?type=case&id=11 |title=TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication |publisher=Artevea.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-28}}
- ^'Page Redirection'. www.renita.lu.
- ^ abcSefrengo, CMS. 'Radiocommunication sur mesure'. www.connectcom.lu.
- ^http://www.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=95989222&page_url=//www.marconi.net/html/news/maltachoosesmarconitetra.htm&page_last_updated=2001-08-05T01:38:07&firstName=Peter&lastName=Cordina
- ^'MDC'. www.c2000.nl.
- ^'TETRA Forum Poland'. Tetraforum.pl. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^Moscow Metro. Damm.dk (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^Kaliningrad biggest Power Plant chooses DAMM’s TetraFlex system for safety reasons. Damm.dk (2009-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^DAMM deployed for regional network in North West Russia. Damm.dk (2011-08-22). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^'Wide Area Military Voice & Data Infrastructure Solutions based on COTS technology'(PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^DAMM's TetraFlex® chosen for Alacer Gold Mining operation. Damm.dk (2012-11-05). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^Rio Tinto Mining Group continues to deploy DAMM’s TetraFlex. Damm.dk (2009-08-03). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-02-12. Retrieved 2014-02-13.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^Fortescue Metals Group Ltd deploy DAMM. Damm.dk (2011-03-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^World’s largest LNG project to roll-out DAMM’s TetraFlex®. Damm.dk (2010-04-26). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
- ^National Table of Frequency Allocations, Ireland.
- ^National Table of Frequency AllocationsArchived 2005-01-12 at the Wayback Machine, Norway.
- ^Riess, H.P. (1994). 'Cryptographic security for the new trans-European trunked radio (TETRA) standard'. Security and Cryptography Applications to Radio Systems, IEE Colloquium on. pp. 3/1–3/5. Retrieved 2010-03-25.(subscription required)
- ^DW Parkinson (2001-07-01). 'TETRA Security'. BT Technology Journal, Volume 19. pp. 81–88. doi:10.1023/A:1011942300054. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
- ^Doug Gray, An Overview of TETRAArchived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, etsi.org.
- ^Gert Roelofsen (1999). 'Cryptographic algorithms in telecommunications systems'. Information Security Technical Report, Volume 4, Issue 1: 29–37. doi:10.1016/S1363-4127(99)80004-1. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
- ^http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300300_300399/30039207/02.01.01_60/en_30039207v020101p.pdf
- ^http://www.cmlmicro.com/Press/briefs/index.asp?/Press/briefs/teds_1.htm
- ^https://www.powertrunk.com/docs/Pros_and_Cons_of_P25_vs_TETRA.pdf
- ^'P25 and TETRA Technology Roundtable'.
- ^https://tandcca.com/fm_file/dubai06swancomparison-pdf/
External links[edit]
- Report on the health effects of TETRA by NRPB